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Nothing happens, the w2 cigna page, the. Search within kllinois. Creating a Model In this section did not provide screen with data rates leave much on page 42, should be enough that followed were sending typing and mouse clicks to. I later figured available on all of the above or in the 9 lists software. Since moving to Workspace App for Windows makes a connection to a a double click to the remote machine and it has weird problems sending certain characters VDA and not the Storefront server as any kind of intermediate proxy.

After sedating you, the doctor will numb your eye, make a small incision through which the cataract can be broken up with ultrasound, and replace the clouded lens with a synthetic one.

Fact: "There are multiple links between systemic disease and the formation of cataracts," says Brian Proctor, D. Fact: Along with cloudy vision, halos are a classic symptom of cataracts, says Proctor. Four out of five people in the AARP-Alcon study who had cataract surgery found it easier to drive afterward, both during the daytime and at night. Halos can be a sign of corneal disease, too; if you're seeing them, be sure to have your eyes checked.

Multifocal and "monovision" replacement lenses correct vision at various points, near and far, and can sometimes reduce the need for glasses. Although cataract surgery almost always restores sight, doctors prefer that you schedule the operation before lenses get hard, which happens with age and makes them harder to break up and replace.

Fact: The decision to have a cataract taken out should be based on whether it's limiting your vision and quality of life. Fact: Cataracts are a natural part of aging; however, you can protect your eyes by always donning shades when you're out in the sun — summer or winter. The product is extremely popular. A team including Paul Corkum and Ferenc Krausz achieve attosecond soft x-ray pulses, enabling exploration of the dynamics of electronic processes.

Anthony M. During his tenure, OSA membership will pass the 15, mark. The Euro becomes the official currency of 12 of the European Union Member nations, and becomes, after the U. After the departure of John Thorner, Elizabeth A.

Rogan, who has previously served for nearly a decade as OSA's deputy executive director and chief operating officer, is appointed executive director on an interim basis. Subsequently she will be named permanent executive director and, later, CEO of the society. Friendster launches, becoming the first social-networking site on the Internet. The following year, Time magazine names it one of the 50 coolest Web sites of the year.

The year also sees the launch of the education and training sites OpticsForKids. Worldwide, nearly 9, people are infected in 15 countries and over die. Susumu Tachi, Masahiko Inami and Naoki Kawakami at the University of Tokyo develop a retro-reflective material coated with tiny reflective beads that allows a wearer to blend into surroundings. The system includes cameras to project the background onto the foreground and vice versa.

University of Rochester researchers Matthew Bigelow, Nick Lepeshkin and Robert Boyd produce "slow" and "fast" light in an alexandrite crystal at room temperature. The team reduces the group velocity of light to just 91 meters per second and makes a laser pulse travel faster than ,, meters per second. The balsa wood plane has a 1. A ground-based laser delivers power to specially designed photovoltaic cells onboard.

Photo: With a laser beam centered on its panel of photovoltaic cells, the lightweight model plane makes the first flight of an aircraft powered by a laser beam. OSA's annual meeting is rechristened with the name it bears today.

The Concorde makes its last commercial flight, traveling from New York to London. On board are model Christie Brinkley and actress Joan Collins. Touchdown brings an era of supersonic travel to a close. Photo: The last ever flight of any Concorde, 26 November In a tangible sign of the society's increasingly international orientation, Sir Peter L. Knight, the distinguished optical scientist from Imperial College London, UK, begins his presidential term.

The Hubble Space Telescope provides Ultra Deep Field data revealing nearly 10, galaxies and helping astronomers date the universe to 13 billion years. Princeton University, USA, researchers achieve photocurable nanoimprint lithography that produces lines of polymer resist just 5 nm wide with a pitch of only 14 nm.

The advance helps improve fabrication of subwavelength optical elements as well as single-molecule devices. Larry Page and Sergey Brin, owners of Google, offer shares of their company to the public for the first time.

It operates at room temperature with a 9-W peak power at nm. In contrast to traditional Raman lasers, the pure silicon Raman laser can be tuned directly to transmit data. The strongest earthquake in four decades shakes Indonesia, weighing in at magnitude 9.

Nearly , die. Xiang Zhang and colleagues at the University of California-Berkeley develop an optical superlens that breaks the diffraction limit. The ultrahigh resolution technology could revolutionize the fields of optical imaging, lithography and high density data storage. Researchers at Jenoptik Laserdiode in Germany create a diode bar that emits W of continuous wave infrared light. The achievement is about W higher than previous records set in The bar is 1 cm long and 2 mm high.

Glauber receives half of the prize for his contribution to the quantum theory of coherence. Hall and Hansch share the other half for contributions to development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique.

She would also become President of the European Council and only the second woman to chair the G8. The eventful next ten years will include new journals, LaserFest, the International Year of Light, and a Centennial celebration—and will see OSA's international membership grow to more than 19, OSA presents the first Emmett N. Jack Dorsey, Evan Williams, Biz Stone and Noah Glass launch Twitter, a social-networking platform in which users communicate via character "tweets.

Upstart electric carmaker Tesla introduces its Roadster, a USD , two-door sports car with an electric powertrain and a Lotus body shell. Its range is miles on a full charge. John Bowers and Mario Paniccia of Intel announce demonstration of the first electrically powered hybrid silicon laser using standard silicon manufacturing processes.

YouTube has 65 employees and one of the largest followings on the Internet. The brainchild of then-Ph. The initial meeting attracts 15 students. The IONS program will expand into a student-led initiative including hundreds of participants and multiple meetings worldwide each year.

Touch Bionics launches the i-limb hand, the first powered prosthetic hand with articulating fingers. The book broke records as the fastest-selling book ever, selling 15 million copies during the first day following its release. OSA began doing business as The Optical Society in recognition of the fact that OSA is now a worldwide community of professionals and students drawn from academia and industry alike--one not focused merely on the community in North America, but on the entire world.

The Large Hadron Collider begins proton beam tests. Within five years, it will become one of the top three journals in optics and photonics as ranked by citations and impact factor. The shuttle delivers the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph and the Wide Field Camera 3 as well as guidance equipment and a new thermal blanket.

The virus, never before identified in animals or people, threatens vulnerable populations and causes 17, deaths.

The Nobel Prize in Physics goes to Charles Kao for groundbreaking achievements related to the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication and Willard Boyle and George Smith for inventing the charge-coupled device. A yearlong celebration begins, to mark the epoch-making impact of the laser in its 50th anniversary year. The festival ultimately draws extensive media coverage and corporate and private partners.

A high-finesse optical cavity consists of two mirrors, which traps and accumulates the photons emitted by the ion into a mode. The ion is excited cyclically by an external laser and at each cycle a photon is added to the cavity mode, which amplifies the light. Within a few short years, the online-only, open-access journal will become one of the highest-impact publications in biophotonics.

The society announces a strategic partnership with the Optoelectronics Industry Development Association OIDA , a preeminent organization representing the optoelectronics industry. An earthquake and tsunami off the coast of Japan triggers a nuclear disaster at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant. The event is the second most dangerous nuclear disaster in history after Chernobyl.

Researchers at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, USA, create a new quasiparticle called a hybrid plasmon polariton, a nanoscale waveguide for next-generation on-chip optical communication systems. The final shuttle carries TriDAR, a 3D dual-sensing laser camera that provides guidance information for rendezvous and docking in orbit. In all, the space agency launched shuttle missions.

OSA confers its highest accolade, Honorary Membership, on the man who, as executive director, had done so much to build and shape the society. The honor comes only nine months before Quinn's death in August After a year search for the Higgs boson, it's revealed in an experiment at the Large Hadron Collider. The discovery completes the standard model that explains how fundamental particles obtain mass.

The touchdown marks the beginning of a two-year study of the planet to determine if it could have sustained microbial life. A group of U. National Research Council, Optics and Photonics: Essential Technologies for Our Nation , outlining grand challenges for photonics in the decades again, and recommending the creation of an U. Following up on the recommendations of the U.

Using the technique, scientists can view the intact brain with fine detail. The different colors represent proteins stained with fluorescent antibodies.

Christopher Contag and colleagues at Stanford devise a method to miniaturize 3-D scanning confocal microscopes and Raman endoscopes to produce real-time views of cellular activity.

The advance could make possible a point-of-care device for disease analysis. OSA publishes the first issue of a new online open-access journal, specifically devoted to the rapid publication of high-impact papers in optics and photonics. Within only a year, Optica will be listed among the top ten journals in optics and photonics in impact factor. Twelve years after its creation—in the wake of dedicated efforts in fundraising and investment to boost its global mission of securing optical science's next generation, and despite the impact of the financial crisis along the way—the Foundation's net assets exceed USD 10 million for the first time.

Google receives a patent for a contact lens that senses blood glucose levels and transmits them to a display device. The company is partnering with Alcon, a division of Novartis. Nearly countries approve the Paris Climate Accord, the first agreement to require countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Three of these planets are firmly located in the habitable zone, the area around the parent star where a rocky planet is most likely to have liquid water.

Scientists using the Spitzer Space Telescope and ground-based telescopes have. It's a new professional development benefit for student chapters and young professionals.

The program launched with 10 Ambassadors who are emerging leaders within the field of optics and photonics. Oculus VR releases the Oculus Rift virtual reality headset to consumers. The organic light emitting diode display provides X resolution per eye and a tracking system that does its job by sensing light emitted by infrared LEDs integrated into an external unit. Secretary of Energy. This annual award recognizes an employee who has made significant contributions to the Society.

A very special edition of OSA's annual meeting includes special celebrations to mark OSA's launch into its second century.

Curl, Roy J. Glauber, John L. Hall, W. Moerner, William D. Phillips and David J. Photo: William D. Phillips, Nicolaas Bloembergen, Roy J. Glauber, Robert F. Curl, W. Moerner, David J. Wineland and John L. Steven Chu, Nobel Laureate, former U. Chu gave an exhilarating talk about energy, biomedicine and optics and photonics research that will have a profound effect on the global economy and our everyday lives.

Photo: Jarus and his daughter Kristen in Sir David Payne, University of Southampton, Highfield highlighted the enabling technologies and noted that the Optical Fiber Internet is perhaps the greatest gift photonics gave to mankind. This offering will highlight the potential career opportunities outside the traditional roles in industry, government or academia.

Since , Optics Letters OL has been advancing the science of optics and photonics by publishing high-quality papers rapidly. The Women's March was a worldwide protest on January 21, , to advocate legislation and policies regarding human rights and other issues, including women's rights, immigration reform, healthcare reform, reproductive rights, the natural environment, LGBTQ rights, racial equality, freedom of religion, and workers' rights.

Margaret Murnane is awarded OSA's highest award "for pioneering and sustained contributions to ultrafast science ranging from femtosecond lasers to soft x-ray high-harmonic generation to attosecocnd studies of atoms, molecules and surfaces. Mildred Dresselhaus, first woman to win the US National Medal of Science in Engineering, recipient of US Presidential Medal of Freedom, and pioneer in the electronic properties of materials, passed away at the age of Photo: This chart shows, on the top row, artist concepts of the seven planets of TRAPPIST-1 with their orbital periods, distances from their star, radii and masses as compared to those of Earth.

Launched in , Optics Express has provided readers with high-quality content edited by active researchers in optics and photonics for 20 years. On March 30, SpaceX became the first to successfully re-launch and land the first stage of an orbital rocket. The California-based company used a booster, which had been previously launched 11 month prior, to carry a telecommunication satellite into orbit, before successfully landing it on a ship in the Atlantic Ocean.

Photo Credit: A Falcon 9 launch vehicle takes flight during a resupply mission on June 3, This was the first time that a Dragon spacecraft has been reused. The inaugural March for Science was a series of rallies and marches held in Washington, D. According to organizers, the march is a non-partisan movement to celebrate science and the role it plays in everyday lives.

LIGO detects gravitational waves for the third time. Results confirm new population of black holes. North America was treated to an eclipse of the sun on 21 August On Sep. The laser will allow for exceptionally high detail mapping of molecular surfaces, as well as the ability to stitch together high speed images to see the motion of molecules.

Bloembergen was known for his pioneering work in developing driving principles behind nonlinear optics for laser spectroscopy. OSA formally dedicates its newly renovated headquarters building in Washington, D. Barish and Kip S. Thorne "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves". Sensors attached to the body or integrated into clothing could allow athletes and physical therapists to monitor their progress, provide a more detailed level of motion capture for computer games or animation, help engineers build robots with a lighter touch or form the basis for new types of real-time health monitors.

The amount of light transmitted by the fiber changes with the bending. The new instrument is designed to detect compounds and minerals associated with biological activity more quickly and with greater sensitivity than previous instruments.

Photo: Thanks to a carefully designed optical setup, the new standoff ultra-compact micro Raman SUCR instrument can perform microscopic Raman analysis of samples 10 centimeters away from the instrument wit. All Filter by Decade : OSA History. January Nutting Argues for "The Need for Applied Optics" An address to the inaugural meeting of the Rochester Association for the Advancement of Applied Optics articulates the importance of an emerging field--and of working in a common purpose.

February Plans Discussed for a National Society in the US The minutes of the Executive Council of the Rochester Association of Applied Optics note that "various plans relating to the preliminary work of the organization of a national society were discussed. February Battle of Verdun Begins Stretching through December , the battle was one of the war's bloodiest, leading to some , deaths, and affixed an indelible mark on the French imagination. Photo Credit: Wikimedia Commons.

April Daylight Savings Time Introduced Germany first instituted the practice of setting clocks forward to claim more daylight as a wartime measure; Britain and several other countries quickly followed suit. November Battle of the Somme Ends The battle - one of the costliest in history, with more than a million casualties - had lasted more than four months by its conclusion and produced no clear winner.

Photo: Troops "going over the top" at the start of the Battle of the Somme in November Russian Revolution An armed insurrection in Petrograd kicks off a series of events leading to the takeover of the state by the Bolshevik party.

Photo: Lenin giving a speech to the troops in in front of Moscow's Bolshoi Theater. January Wilson's "Fourteen Points" In a speech on "war aims and peace terms," the US president advocates a set of core principles as a foundation for lasting peace after the war's end. Photo Credit: E. December The Industry's Future is Discussed At the society's third annual meeting in Baltimore, Maryland, USA, a special symposium on applied optics included 18 papers on the industry's growth during wartime, the "Readjustment of the Industry to Peacetime Demands," and the broader needs of optical education and manufacturing.

January Prohibition Begins The 18th amendment to the U. Photo: Removal of liquor during prohibition. Photo: James Joyce, ca. October Birth of the BBC Broadcasting in Britain began on October 18, provided by a monopoly consortium of private radio companies called the British Broadcasting Company under the direction of the Post Office. October Mussolini Seizes Power in Italy After a march on Rome by 30, Fascist followers of Benito Mussolini, the Italian king hands over power to Mussolini and asks him to form a new government.

Photo: Benito Mussolini giving a speech in Photo: Herbert E. Ives Photo Credit: Wikipedia. January Helmholtz Translation Published The English-language version of the Treatise on Physiological Optics , a key and massive early OSA publishing effort, was issued in three volumes in and January First Movie with Synchronized Sound Effects First feature-length film to utilize the Vitaphone sound-on-disc sound system.

January Schroedinger Publishes New Quantum Theory In a paper in Annalen der Physik , Erwin Schroedinger presents the wave-mechanics formulation of quantum theory, including his eponymous equation. May A Flight over the North Pole? Richard Byrd and Floyd Bennett claim - perhaps falsely - to be the first to fly over the pole.

Photo: Fokker F. December Membership Hits The tally by the end of the year included 25 members from countries outside the U. Photo: William E. Photo: Nobel Laureate Albert A. Michelson Photo Credit: Wikimedia Commons.

Nichols is awarded the first Ives Medal. Photo: Photo Credit: Wikimedia Commons. September Japan Invades Manchuria The Japanese imperial army would occupy the region - reconfigured as the puppet state Manchukuo - through September Adolph Lomb Dies The OSA charter member served as the society's first treasurer from its founding until his death at age November Franklin D.

Roosevelt Elected U. President The popular governor of the state of New York scores a landslide win over predecessor Herbert Hoover, on a promise of a "New Deal" for America. Photo: Franklin D. Roosevelt, Photo Credit: Wikimedia Commons. January Hitler Sworn in as German Chancellor The accession of Hitler to leadership began the process that would eventually result in the fall of the Weimar Republic and the establishment of dictatorial rule. February Reviving the Colorimetry Committee A new committee of 14 OSA members is tasked with bringing the society's out-of-print report on color up to date.

December Depression Impacts Membership For the first time since its founding, the society experiences a drop in membership, attributable to the economic malaise of the s.

Photo: Theodor V. Ionescu Photo Credit: Wikipedia. Photo: Replica of an Emitron camera used to make the earliest line programmes broadcast on the channel Photo Credit: Wikipedia. November Birth of the "Turing Machine" Alan Turing's intellectual construct, which he dubbed an "a-machine" for "automatic machine" , makes its first appearance in the paper "On Computable Numbers," published in Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society.

May Hindenburg Disaster While attempting to moor at a mast in Lakehurst, New Jersey, USA, the hydrogen-packed German airship bursts into flame, killing 36 people and attracting enormous media attention. January Membership's Geographic Diversity Members are starting to come from across the country and around the world.

October First Xerographic Image After several years of experimentation in his apartment kitchen and a rented room in Astoria, Queens, NY, USA, Chester Carlson, along with assistant Otto Kornei, created the first copy executed using electrophotography — later rechristened xerography. January Student Membership Established At the February Board of Directors Meetings, student members were established as a new class of membership. October A Second OSA Medal To honor its late long-time treasurer and charter member, the OSA board decides to establish the Adolph Lomb Medal, to be awarded every two years to a person under the age of 30 who has made a noteworthy contribution to optics.

January Emeritus Membership Established Emeritus Membership was offered to individuals who had been members for at least 20 years upon reaching the age of Photo: Photo Credit: University of Rochester.

January First Digital Computer Konrad Zuse completed Z3, the world's first working programmable, fully automatic digital computer. Photo: George R. December First Chain Reaction In the squash courts of the University of Chicago's Stagg Field, a team supervised by Enrico Fermi achieved the first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction, giving birth to the "atomic age.

March The Norden Bombsight's Combat Debut One of the most celebrated secret technologies of World War II, the sight — which combined an optical system with a mechanical tracking computer — had been developed by the Dutch-born engineer Carl Norden in the late s and s.

June First Dialysis Machine Working in the occupied Netherlands, and improvising with materials including beverage cans and a washing machine, the Dutch physician Willem Johan Kolff creates the first working dialyzer. October Spectroscopy Dominates Meeting The society's wartime meeting in included several double sessions to accommodate some 30 papers on spectroscopy.

Photo: Photo Credit:. August Lamb Shift Discovered In a landmark paper in Physical Review Letters , Willis Lamb of Columbia University and his grad student Robert Retherford report on measurements of a tiny shift in hydrogen atoms from theoretically expected levels, which come to be known as the Lamb shift. December Transistors A team at Bell Labs—including William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain, who would go on to share the Nobel Prize for the discovery—succeeds in creating the first point-contact transistor.

October People's Republic of China Formed After more than two decades of civil and world war, the victorious Communist Party declares the new state, under the leadership of Mao Zedong. June Toward Optical Pumping In a paper in Journal de Physique , the French physicist Alfred Kastler suggests the concept of optical pumping—a key component of future maser and laser theory.

August The Catcher in the Rye J. December First Nuclear Power Plant Experimental Breeder Reactor I, a US government experimental facility in the state of Idaho, becomes the first reactor to generate electrical power—enough to operate four watt light bulbs.

GOV HD. May Report on Clad Optical Fiber After two years of intense research—based on a suggestion by OSA President Brian O'Brien—Abraham Van Heel submits a paper to Nature reporting on the transmission of an image through an optical fiber clad with material of a lower refractive index.

December A Nobel Prize for Phase Contrast Microscopy Frits Zernike receives the Physics prize for the method—which would go on to revolutionize biological imaging and particularly studies of the living cell—some 20 years after he initially discovered it. Photo: Nominated for the Nobel prize.

Physics, Zernike, F. April Death of Albert Einstein The German-born physicist, revered both among scientists and in the public sphere, is 76 years old at the time of his death in Princeton, N. Photo: Photo Credit: Wikicommons.

July Neutrinos Observed In a paper in Science , Clyde Cowan and Frederick Reines report the detection of the elusive particles, and confirmation of the existence of antineutrinos, in an apparatus consisting of two tanks with liters of water and an array of scintillators and photomultiplier tubes.

July Governance Crisis In the wake of the resignation of long-serving volunteer society secretary Arthur C. Photo: Arthur C. October Sputnik 1 The first artificial satellite, launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in what is now Khazakstan, makes its way into Earth orbit. January Anderson Localization Discovered In , Philip Anderson predicted the localization of electronic wavefunctions in disordered crystals and the resulting absence of diffusion.

January The International Geophysical Year A landmark in worldwide scientific collaboration, the IGY would bring results ranging from the discovery of Earth's magnetosphere to the Antarctic Treaty for scientific cooperation in study of the southern polar regions.

March Birth of OSA Fellow Memberships At its 51st meeting, the OSA Board of Directors approved the establishment of a new class of Fellow members, a special category of members to be elected by a two-thirds majority of the Board for having served with distinction in the advancement of optics.

December Optika i Spektroskopie OSA's Board moves forward with plans to publish a translated edition of a Russian language journal translated title Optics and Spectroscopy , with the first publication to appear in Photo: A U-2 aircraft similar to the one shot down. Photo Credit: Wikipedia. August The Berlin Wall Construction begins on the iconic barrier between East and West Berlin, which will remain standing until Photo: Photo Credit: Wikipedia.

March Q-Switching Reported F. Photo: Schematic diagram of a pulsed reflector laser Photo Credit: Appl. October Cuban Missile Crisis The complex crisis begins with the observation, by an American U2 spy plane using a camera and lens designed by James G. October 17, Photo Credit: Wikicommons. January New Lasers Proliferate The year sees the creation of, among others, pulsed ion lasers, which expand available wavelengths; the first fiber lasers and amplifiers; the carbon dioxide laser, which sets new industrial standards for power in a continuous-wave laser; the neodymium-doped YAG Nd:YAG laser, which will become a workhorse in many medical applications; and the first published report of active mode-locking, essential in developing ultrafast laser pulses.

May Cosmic Microwave Background Working on the problem of radio wave detection from communications satellites, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson are surprised to discover a low-frequency background hum that would eventually be interpreted as the thermal echo of the Big Bang. October Optics—An Action Program A symposium at OSA's 49th annual meeting reviews the status of a program established by the society a year earlier to stimulate research and education in optics—and to mark a newly energized commitment to education and outreach that would characterize the society for the rest of its first hundred years.

October Kastler Wins Physics Nobel The Nobel Committee recognizes Alfred Kastler's research on optical pumping, which was an important step toward the maser and laser.

Photo: Photo Credit: Wiki Commons. Lohmann and D. Photo: Restored scene from Dr. Barnard's first human heart transplantation Photo Credit: Wikipedia. June Rainbow Holography The invention of white-light transmission holography by Stephen Benton makes the mass production of holograms possible. September Jarus Quinn Becomes OSA Executive Director Quinn's year tenure will ultimately bring a range of changes to the society, including the relocation of its global headquarters in Washington, DC, USA, and a significant reconfiguring of its publishing program.

Photo: Photo Credit: Alcatel-Lucent. June Advances in Semiconductor Lasers Groups at Bell Labs and the Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute produce the first continuous-wave, room-temperature semiconductor lasers, paving the way for commercialization of fiber communications and a wide variety of other applications. October Excimer Laser Emerges N.

Photo: Nicolay G. Basov Photo Credit: Wikipedia. September Quantum Well Lasers Charles Henry develops the concept of the quantum well—extremely thin semiconductor laser structures that improved performance because of very high quantum efficiencies. February Mass Producing Low-Loss Fibers John MacChesney left and Paul O'Conner right of Bell Labs apply for their first patent on modified chemical vapor deposition, the process they have developed to form ultratransparent glass that can be mass produced into low-loss optical fiber.

June Barcodes Become Commercial A pack of Wrigley's chewing gum is the first product read by a barcode scanner in a grocery store. November Lucy Discovered Donald Johanson discovers bone fossils of a female skeleton given the name "Lucy" and estimated to be from a time 3. Photo: Lippincott Award and the R. Photo: An artist's concept illustrating an Apollo-type spacecraft on left about to dock with a Soviet Soyuz-type spacecraft Photo Credit: Wikipedia.

August Helsinki Accord Signed The nations agreement addresses multiple global issues including European security, human rights and East-West contacts. December Commercial Semiconductor Laser Engineers at Laser Diode Labs create the first commercial continuous-wave semiconductor laser operating at room temperature. Photo: Semiconductor lasers nm, nm, nm, nm, nm, nm Photo Credit: Wikipedia.

Photo Credit: Wikicommons. Photo: Apple's first logo. July Optics Letters OSA's third journal, founded with the specific aim of providing rapid publication of cutting-edge results, begins publication under the leadership of its first editor-in-chief, Robert W. January Aerosol Ban Sweden becomes the first nation to announce that it will ban aerosol sprays containing chlorofluorocarbons, after reports suggest they may damage the Earth's ozone layer.

May Photosensitive Silica Kenneth Hill and coworkers at the Canadian Communication Research Center discover the photosensitivity of germanium-doped silica. December LaserDiscs for Consumers The new technology receives a somewhat tepid reaction from consumers when it hits the market.

Photo Credit: OSA. March OFC Connects the World The Optical Fiber Communications conference, which would grow into one of the world's largest meetings on fiber optics and optical communication, grew out of an earlier event, the Optical Fiber Transmission meeting. Photo: Photo Credit: iStock.

Photo: F. May A Volcano Awakens Mt. Photo: Mt. Helens Photo Credit: Wikimedia Commons. February Laser Lithography Laid Out Kanti Jain publishes the first paper and gives the first talk on excimer laser lithography. Photo: A Tsunami Ti:sapphire oscillator. Photo: Stylized human immunodeficiency virus. Photo: Stereolithography parts assembled, a cycloidal drive.

He transforms domestic and foreign policy. November Windows 1. December Chirped Pulse Amplification Donna Strickland and Gerard Mourou demonstrate chirped pulse amplification of femtosecond laser pulses. Photo: The nuclear reactor after the disaster. May No Need for Electronic Repeaters Bell Labs researcher Linn Mollenauer describes an all-optical fiber system that transmits signals using optical solutions.

Photo: Kodak disposable camera. July Board of Editors Established In a change to the organization's by-laws, OSA creates a new board responsible for coordinating editorial and journal activities, with the chair of the board to sit on OSA's board of directors. Photo Credit: Courtesy John W. Thomlinson, Princeton, NJ.

Photo: Robert D. Photo: Erbium-doped fiber with green light. Photo: One-day disposable contact lenses with blue handling tint in blister-pack packaging. October Advancing Engineering Recognizing a changing membership, and a changing industry, OSA establishes an engineering council in late , and subsequently endows an Engineering Excellence Award that is first presented in , and subsequently is named to honor Paul Forman. January Perestroika The Soviet Union initiates perestroika, a restructuring program aimed at improving the Soviet economy.

January Fiber Laser Polaroid researchers led by Elias Snitzer develop a high power double clad offset core neodymium fiber laser. Photo: Eli Snitzer working at American Optical in April Cold Fusion? Photo Credit: F. Photo: DNA replication. Photo Credit: Coolcaesar at en. Photo: A portion of the second discovered copy of the Isaiah scroll, 1QIsab. November Optical Coherence Tomography In a celebrated paper in Science research team including James Fujimoto, Carmen Puliafito, Kenton Gregory, David Huang, Eric Swanson and others reports on the first demonstration of optical coherence tomography, a noninvasive imaging method that uses light to reveal cross-sections of tissue.

Photo: Changes in national boundaries after the end of the cold war. July World Record for Data Storage Density Working with Carnegie Mellon colleagues, Eric Betzig and a Bell Labs team squeeze 45 billion bits of data into a square-inch of disk space using a novel magneto-optical data storage technique.

September Homing in on Single Cell Imaging Eric Betzig and colleagues use near-field scanning optical microscopy to generate high-resolution fluorescence images of cytoskeletal actin within mouse cells. March Quantum Dot Lasing Nikolai Ledentsov demonstrates operation of a quantum dot laser with high density at the A.

April Elections in South Africa The first fully multiracial elections are held in South Africa, signaling the end of apartheid. Photo: Nelson Mandela casts his vote. May Extending Nuclear Nonproliferation Over countries sign an indefinite extension to the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons. July Detecting Cancer with Lasers B. July A Cloning Milestone Researchers in the UK announce the birth of Dolly, a sheep and the first mammal cloned from the cell of an adult animal.

September Test Ban Treaty Adopted The United Nations adopts a comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty prohibiting nations from testing nuclear explosions above or below ground. June "Wingardium Leviosa" J. July Optics Express Debuts The journal is OSA's first all-electronic publication, and the first open-access journal in the physical sciences. November Stock Market Crash Stock markets around the world crash in response to the global economic crisis.

January OSA International Council Goes to Work Formed in October via an upgrade to the existing International Advisory Committee, the Council signals the society's renewed strategic commitment to be "the world's leading society for optics and photonics. January Blackberries on the Market The first Blackberry hits the market and integrates email and web browsing. March Around the World in 20 Days Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones circumnavigate the globe in a hot air balloon, without stopping.

January A Web Encyclopedia Wikipedia launches as the first user-generated online encyclopedia. August The PillCam Given Imaging introduces the first commercial pill-sized endoscopic capsule camera. Photo: Classic click-wheel iPod. November The Attosecond Barrier A team including Paul Corkum and Ferenc Krausz achieve attosecond soft x-ray pulses, enabling exploration of the dynamics of electronic processes.

Photo: Elizabeth A. March Social Networking Comes to the Web Friendster launches, becoming the first social-networking site on the Internet. May Optical Camouflage Susumu Tachi, Masahiko Inami and Naoki Kawakami at the University of Tokyo develop a retro-reflective material coated with tiny reflective beads that allows a wearer to blend into surroundings.

Photo: An invisibility cloak using optical camouflage by Susumu Tachi. Photo: Robert Boyd with his slow light in ruby experiment. October "Frontiers in Optics" OSA's annual meeting is rechristened with the name it bears today.

June Fabricating Ultrasmall Optical Elements Princeton University, USA, researchers achieve photocurable nanoimprint lithography that produces lines of polymer resist just 5 nm wide with a pitch of only 14 nm. December Deadly Earthquake The strongest earthquake in four decades shakes Indonesia, weighing in at magnitude 9. Photo: Countries most affected by the tsunami, with the earthquake's epicenter. April An Optical Superlens Xiang Zhang and colleagues at the University of California-Berkeley develop an optical superlens that breaks the diffraction limit.

Photo: Photo Credit: Univ. August Record-breaking Laser Diode Researchers at Jenoptik Laserdiode in Germany create a diode bar that emits W of continuous wave infrared light. Van Stryland. Photo Credit: Juris Upatnieks. October A Silicon Laser John Bowers and Mario Paniccia of Intel announce demonstration of the first electrically powered hybrid silicon laser using standard silicon manufacturing processes.

Photo Credit: Intel Free Press. Photo: Theodore W. Photo Credit: Aram Mooradian. July A Bionic Hand Touch Bionics launches the i-limb hand, the first powered prosthetic hand with articulating fingers. Goldsmith and A. January LaserFest A yearlong celebration begins, to mark the epoch-making impact of the laser in its 50th anniversary year. March Single-atom Laser A high-finesse optical cavity consists of two mirrors, which traps and accumulates the photons emitted by the ion into a mode.

Photo Credit:. August Biomedical Optics Express Posts Its First Issue Within a few short years, the online-only, open-access journal will become one of the highest-impact publications in biophotonics. Photo: Photo Credit: ThorLabs. May A Nanoscale Waveguide Researchers at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, USA, create a new quasiparticle called a hybrid plasmon polariton, a nanoscale waveguide for next-generation on-chip optical communication systems.

November Honoring Jarus Quinn OSA confers its highest accolade, Honorary Membership, on the man who, as executive director, had done so much to build and shape the society. Photo: A scanning electron microscope image of a portion of the carbon nanotube computer. Photo Credit: PBS. July Miniaturizing Confocal Microscopes Christopher Contag and colleagues at Stanford devise a method to miniaturize 3-D scanning confocal microscopes and Raman endoscopes to produce real-time views of cellular activity.

July Optica OSA publishes the first issue of a new online open-access journal, specifically devoted to the rapid publication of high-impact papers in optics and photonics. Photo: Anthony E. December A Milestone for the OSA Foundation Twelve years after its creation—in the wake of dedicated efforts in fundraising and investment to boost its global mission of securing optical science's next generation, and despite the impact of the financial crisis along the way—the Foundation's net assets exceed USD 10 million for the first time.

March Contact Lens Measures Glucose Levels Google receives a patent for a contact lens that senses blood glucose levels and transmits them to a display device.

Photo: A contact lens records blood sugar levels from tears. Photo Credit: Google Lens. December Reducing Greenhouse Gases Nearly countries approve the Paris Climate Accord, the first agreement to require countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Photo: Illustration of two black holes colliding. February NASA announces a discovery of a possible second 'Earth' along with a third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope has revealed the first known system of seven Earth-size planets around a single star.

Photo: Susana Marcos Photo Credit: robin7rojo hotmail. Photo: Milton Chang Photo Credit:. January Optics Letters turns 40 Since , Optics Letters OL has been advancing the science of optics and photonics by publishing high-quality papers rapidly.

January Woman's March The Women's March was a worldwide protest on January 21, , to advocate legislation and policies regarding human rights and other issues, including women's rights, immigration reform, healthcare reform, reproductive rights, the natural environment, LGBTQ rights, racial equality, freedom of religion, and workers' rights.

France A. February Margaret Murnane wins Ives Award Margaret Murnane is awarded OSA's highest award "for pioneering and sustained contributions to ultrafast science ranging from femtosecond lasers to soft x-ray high-harmonic generation to attosecocnd studies of atoms, molecules and surfaces. Photo: Mildred Dresselhaus Photo Credit:. March Optics Express celebrates 20 years Launched in , Optics Express has provided readers with high-quality content edited by active researchers in optics and photonics for 20 years.

March First SpaceX re-flight On March 30, SpaceX became the first to successfully re-launch and land the first stage of an orbital rocket.

October In a first for wearable optics, researchers develop stretchy fiber to capture body motion Sensors attached to the body or integrated into clothing could allow athletes and physical therapists to monitor their progress, provide a more detailed level of motion capture for computer games or animation, help engineers build robots with a lighter touch or form the basis for new types of real-time health monitors. December Powerful New Tool for Looking for Life Beyond Earth The new instrument is designed to detect compounds and minerals associated with biological activity more quickly and with greater sensitivity than previous instruments.

Photo: Thanks to a carefully designed optical setup, the new standoff ultra-compact micro Raman SUCR instrument can perform microscopic Raman analysis of samples 10 centimeters away from the instrument wit Photo Credit: Image Credit: M.

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