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His patients and their caregivers can rely on Dr. About Dr. Read more. Read less. Accepted Health Insurance Plans See our list of the insurances we accept. If you don't see yours, please call our office. View full list of companies. We implicate unexpected cell types in diseases such as macular degeneration. This resource identifies cellular targets for studying disease mechanisms in organoids and for targeted repair in human retinas.

Targeting neuronal and glial cell types with synthetic promoter AAVs in mice, non-human primates and humans. Morikawa 1 , Santiago B.

Hasler 7 , Hendrik P. Scholl 8 , Hendrik P. TL;DR: A collection of AAVs containing synthetic promoters targeting a broad range of neuronal cell types in mice, non-human primates and humans are described, allowing economic, fast and efficient cell-type targeting in a variety of species.

Abstract: Targeting genes to specific neuronal or glial cell types is valuable for both understanding and repairing brain circuits. Adeno-associated viruses AAVs are frequently used for gene delivery, but targeting expression to specific cell types is an unsolved problem.

We created a library of AAVs, each with a different synthetic promoter designed using four independent strategies. We show that a number of these AAVs specifically target expression to neuronal and glial cell types in the mouse and non-human primate retina in vivo and in the human retina in vitro. We demonstrate applications for recording and stimulation, as well as the intersectional and combinatorial labeling of cell types. These resources and approaches allow economic, fast and efficient cell-type targeting in a variety of species, both for fundamental science and for gene therapy.

Choroidal vascular reaction to hand-grip stress in subjects with vasospasm and its relevance in glaucoma. TL;DR: A hand-grip test elicits a different blood flow response in subjects with vasospasm compared with control subjects, and damage by glaucoma in patients with a decrease in choroidal blood flow during a hand-Grip test may progress at a relatively lower IOP.

Abstract: Purpose To assess the impact of vascular dysregulation on choroidal blood flow response to the hand-grip test and the relevance of this response to glaucoma. Methods Eighty healthy volunteers underwent a hand-grip test while choroidal blood flow was measured by means of laser Doppler flowmetry. Blood pressure, heart rate, and intraocular pressure IOP were monitored. Choroidal blood flow changes were compared between subjects with a positive history of cold hands and control subjects by means of analysis of variance.

The relationship of the vascular response to the level of IOP at which progressive damage occurred was analyzed in 21 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma who had progressive damage despite normal or normalized IOP.

Results Blood pressure and heart rate increased and IOP decreased in response to a hand-grip test. Conclusions A hand-grip test elicits a different blood flow response in subjects with vasospasm compared with control subjects. Damage by glaucoma in patients with a decrease in choroidal blood flow during a hand-grip test may progress at a relatively lower IOP.

Correlation between intraretinal changes in diabetic macular oedema seen in fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography. Assiut University 1 , University of Copenhagen 2. Purpose: To study the relationship between intraretinal optical coherence tomography OCT and fluorescein angiography FA findings in eyes with diabetic macular oedema DMO.

Methods: We carried out a retrospective observational case series. Results: Six distinct patterns of intraretinal changes in OCT correlated with changes in FA: a focal angiographic leakage did not correspond to any obvious intraretinal abnormality in OCT in four eyes; b localized thickening of the outer nuclear layer in OCT corresponded to focal leaking microaneurysm focal oedema in FA in 11 eyes; c diffuse thickening of the outer nuclear layer in OCT corresponded to diffuse angiographic leakage in 21 eyes; d cystoid expansion of the outer nuclear layer was found in seven eyes with a petaloid angiographic pattern of leakage; e cystoid expansion of the inner nuclear layer was found in relation to honeycomb angiographic oedema in five eyes, and f serous detachment of the fovea in OCT did not correspond to any distinct finding in FA in four eyes.

Cited by. Optical Coherence Tomography of the Human Retina. Michael R. Hee , Joseph A. Izatt , Eric A. Swanson , David Huang , Joel S. Schuman , Charles P. Lin , Carmen A. Puliafito , James G. Abstract: Objective: To demonstrate optical coherence tomography for high-resolution, noninvasive imaging of the human retina. Optical coherence tomography is a new imaging technique analogous to ultrasound B scan that can provide cross-sectional images of the retina with micrometer-scale resolution.

Design: Survey optical coherence tomographic examination of the retina, including the macula and optic nerve head in normal human subjects. Settings Research laboratory. Participants: Convenience sample of normal human subjects. Main Outcome Measures: Correlation of optical coherence retinal tomographs with known normal retinal anatomy. Conclusion: Optical coherence tomography is a potentially useful technique for high depth resolution, cross-sectional examination of the fundus. The impact of ocular blood flow in glaucoma.

University of Cologne 1. Abstract: Two principal theories for the pathogenesis of glaucomatous optic neuropathy GON have been described--a mechanical and a vascular theory. Both have been defended by various research groups over the past years. According to the mechanical theory, increased intraocular pressure IOP causes stretching of the laminar beams and damage to retinal ganglion cell axons.

The vascular theory of glaucoma considers GON as a consequence of insufficient blood supply due to either increased IOP or other risk factors reducing ocular blood flow OBF. A number of conditions such as congenital glaucoma, angle-closure glaucoma or secondary glaucomas clearly show that increased IOP is sufficient to lead to GON. However, a number of observations such as the existence of normal-tension glaucoma cannot be satisfactorily explained by a pressure theory alone.

Indeed, the vast majority of published studies dealing with blood flow report a reduced ocular perfusion in glaucoma patients compared with normal subjects. The fact that the reduction of OBF often precedes the damage and blood flow can also be reduced in other parts of the body of glaucoma patients, indicate that the hemodynamic alterations may at least partially be primary.

The major cause of this reduction is not atherosclerosis, but rather a vascular dysregulation, leading to both low perfusion pressure and insufficient autoregulation. This in turn may lead to unstable ocular perfusion and thereby to ischemia and reperfusion damage. Margolis 1 , Richard F. Columbia University 1. The images were obtained by positioning a spectral-domain OCT device close enough to the eye to acquire an inverted image.

Seven sections were obtained within a 5 x degree area centered at the fovea, with scans averaged for each section. The choroid was measured from the outer border of the retinal pigment epithelium to the inner scleral border at microm intervals of a horizontal section from 3 mm temporal to the fovea to 3 mm nasal to the fovea.

Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate variations of choroidal thickness at each location and to correlate choroidal thickness and patient age. Increasing age was correlated significantly with decreasing choroidal thickness at all points measured. Regression analysis suggested that the subfoveal choroidal thickness decreased by The thickness of the choroid showed a negative correlation with age. The decrease in the thickness of the choroid may play a role in the pathophysiologic features of various age-related ocular conditions.

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This app may share these data types with third parties Financial info. This app may collect these data types Personal info, Financial info and 3 others. Data is encrypted in transit. Works like garbage. Can't even login into my own account. You put your password annoying and it sends you to I forgot my account screen. A joke. It actually worked ok before they updated this app. It literally sends you to a website in an app.

After logging in, get an error message saying I already have an account. Yes, I know, I've just logged into it. Very bad.